Why Kansas Catholics Opposed
The
Teaching of Evolution
By Jack Cashill, Ph.D.
Time after time at the now famous Topeka hearings on
Kansas state science standards, the so-called "science educators"
would cite Pope John Paul II to support their evolutionary position. And time
after time, nearly apoplectic, the Catholic representatives at the hearings
would just about jump out of their chairs.
Willfully or otherwise, the science educators
misconstrued the Pope's position. This disturbed the Catholics at Topeka to be
sure, but it did not surprise them. What has surprised them, shocked them
really, are the dismissive editorials by their fellow Catholics who understand
the Pope's position only superficially and who understand the science educators'
not at all.
For the record, Pope John Paul II and the U.S. Bishops
have no objection to certain theories of evolution as long as they allow for
God's creation of the world and the special creation of man. This is a shrewd
posture on the part of the Pope as it allows for the Church to adapt to new
scientific discoveries without a challenge to the faith.
Unfortunately, the Church's position does not wash with
evolutionary biologists of any repute or ambition. They may avoid conflict with
the Vatican by either ignoring or misquoting the Pope, but in fact, Catholic
teaching is antithetical to their own, and they know it.
A little background here is in order. In 1859, Charles Darwin published The
Origin of Species. This elegant and timely work made two basic claims: One is
that living things experience what Darwin called "variations" or what
we call "mutations"--genetic changes that occur randomly. The second
is that a process he called "natural selection" preserves favorable
variations and rejects harmful ones.
The best evidence Darwin could cite for this theory was
the breeding of domestic animals. These obvious changes within a species--called
microevolution--no one could deny then, and no one denies today, certainly not
the Church, nor the much maligned Kansas Board of Education.
The question Darwin had to ask himself--the tough
question--was whether this theory could account for macroevolution, the presumed
bridge from one species to another and the mechanism he thought responsible for
the vast diversity of life.
Darwin and his philosophical heirs answer an
unequivocal "Yes." Richard Dawkins, today's most influential
evolutionist, describes natural selection as "a blind, unconscious,
automatic process" that is "the explanation for the existence and
apparently purposeful form of all life."
That's a quote. The explanation. All life. What room
does that leave for, well, say, God? Not much.
"In the evolutionary pattern of thought,"
said Julian Huxley on the occasion of the Darwin Centennial in 1959, "there
is no longer either need or room for the supernatural. The earth was not
created. It evolved."
No need. No room. And Huxley's sentiment is the rule,
not the exception. The renowned biologist Stephen Jay Gould praises Darwinism as
"a rigidly materialistic and basically atheistic version of
evolution." Darwin made it possible," boasts Richard Dawkins, "to
be an intellectually fulfilled atheist."
These are their own words. As to the inescapable
ramifications of Darwinism, distinguished Cornell University Professor Will
Provine, evolutionary biologist and neo-Darwinian, happily cites the
impossibility of either free will or life after death.
The larger philosophy is often called naturalism,
nature is all that there is; or materialism, matter is all that there is. In its
most extreme forms, scientific naturalism provided a rationale for the terror of
Nazi eugenics and the tyranny of communism. Wrote Marx to Engels of Darwin's The
Origin of Species, "This is the book which contains the basis in natural
history for our view."
Pope John Paul II has preached often against
materialism and specifically so in an evolutionary context. Aware of this, the
Catholics at the Topeka hearings objected not only to the undeniable connection
between today's science establishment and the eugenics movement, but also to the
implicit materialism of the proposed science standards themselves.
For all its harsh consequences, materialism would
present a real challenge to the faith only if its own particular creation myth,
Darwinism, was irrefutable. But Darwinism is hardly that. There is, after all,
no evidence of existing transitional species as Darwin presumed there ought to
be. None. There's no hard evidence of the same in the fossil record. Most
species haven't changed at all. The major animal groups did not emerge gradually
as Darwin predicted, but they exploded on to the scene. Nor did they die out
gradually as Darwin said they would. Those that vanished, vanished in a
geological heartbeat.
It gets worse. In one of his bolder moments, Darwin
said "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which
could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight
modifications, my theory would absolutely break down."
Darwin knew nothing of the electron microscope and
cellular biology. His champion, Richard Dawkins, knows a lot. As Dawkins notes,
the nucleus of each cell contains more information than all 30 volumes of the
encyclopedia Brittanica put together, complex, specific and perfectly ordered.
Richard Dawkins imagines the cell as a Xerox machine,
capable, he says, "of copying its own blueprints," but "not
capable of springing spontaneously into existence." So picture Dawkins on
the brink of infinity, pumping what Darwin called "secretions" from
his barely evolved brain, trying desperately to figure how this this wonderfully
complex machine came to be. His best guess? No joke: "sheer, unadulterated,
miraculous luck." It must have slopped itself together, he surmises, from
some imagined chemical soup.
Luck indeed, it's a task scientists have never been
able to duplicate in the lab. Not to be outdone, Nobel laureate Frances Crick
argues that these first primitive life forms might have come to earth, hang on,
in a spaceship sent by a dying alien civilization.
In truth, neither Dawkins nor Crick have a clue where
these first cells came from. Neither do their peers. Indeed, when biochemist
Michael Behe searched the scientific journals looking for a Darwinian
explanation, he found instead "an eerie and complete silence."
Said Darwin , "I would give nothing for the theory
of natural selection if it requires miraculous additions at any one stage of
descent." One wonders how he would feel about utterly whimsical
"additions" like spaceships or luck.
Still, America's public school teachers can present
this goofiness in class as science but can not even address the rational
possibility of a willful, intelligent creation of life. And the editorialists,
even the Catholic ones, cheer on this kind of teaching, fearing to be cast among
the anti-Darwinian few whom Dawkins calls the "ignorant, stupid, insane, or
wicked."
Ironically, the loud, spiteful resistance from the
establishment bodes well for the future. It is a sign not of confidence but of
confusion. It may even portend a genuine shift in the paradigm.
Richard Dawkins himself admits that "the beauty
and elegance of biological design" gives us "the illusion of design
and planning." But trapped by a lifetime of scornful pride and
self-congratulation, he will abandon his weary materialism no more eagerly than
the Soviets abandoned theirs.
The very Catholic (9 children) Michael Behe is not so
trapped. "Over the past four decades," he writes in the ground
breaking book, Darwin's Black Box, "modern biochemistry has
uncovered the secrets of the cell." "The result," he adds,
"is a loud, piercing cry of DESIGN." In Behe's opinion, this
observation is "as momentous as the observation that the earth goes round
the sun."
Try as they might, the science establishment and their
friends in the media cannot suppress this kind of news forever.
Jack Cashill, Ph.D., has written and produced an hour
long documentary, The Triumph of Design and The Demise of
Darwin, in
collaboration with Phillip Johnson. Jack is a Fullbright scholar and a regional
Emmy Award winner. See Jack Cashill News:
America's Conservative Information Resource.
